Only four ministers supported Anami's position of adhering to the four conditions, but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous, no decision was reached before it ended at 22:00. [31] The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China-based B-29s had been. [180], The 50,000-watt standard wave station on Saipan, the OWI radio station, broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. From some small railway stops within 16km (10mi) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. [23] Operation Matterhorn involved India-based B-29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan. [184], Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov had informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the SovietJapanese Neutrality Pact on 5 April. Some 17,00022,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well. Conventional Bombing Damage to Japanese Cities in WW2 Little Boy was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235, a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Nearly all references to uranium poisoning were omitted. real_guacman 10 mo. With the exception of Niigata, all of the targets were in the south. On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. [65] Due to its remoteness, Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend, Kansas and Mountain Home, Idaho. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership. During World War II, the city manufactured weapons for the Japanese military. The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average. [19][20], Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was "readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives":[21] poison gas. Over the next two to four months, the effects of the atomic bombings killed between 90,000 and 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 and 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day. [106] The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration. [261], The book Hiroshima, written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey, which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker,[262] on 31 August 1946, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. Deadly WWII firebombings of Japanese cities largely ignored [75], In April 1945, Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson. [267], Hahn told the others, "Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean". The trains were still running, and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns. During the meetings on 31 May and 1 June, scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration. Edwin O. Reischauer, a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service, was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto. Anami conceded that victory was unlikely, but argued in favor of continuing the war nonetheless. Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. Quantities of phosgene, mustard gas, tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use. After Japan's surrender and the arrival of American forces, copies of his photographs were seized amid the ensuing censorship, but some records have survived. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth agreed with Sweeney's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, which was opened in the mid-1990s. Maps reveal how Japans cities were destroyed during World War II [174][175] Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste,[217] which was in fact, Victor 89. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. - FAQS Clear. On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. double explosion-affected people), nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities. Twists of fate made Nagasaki a target 75 years ago - National President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers", Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, "U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. [296] From the radiation dose reconstruction work, which were also informed by the 1962 BREN Tower Japanese city analog, the estimated dosimetry at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward, therefore the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil, concrete and roof-tile measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers, in the 1990s. [140] The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64kg (141lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 9,400 meters (31,000ft) to a detonation height of about 580 meters (1,900ft) above the city. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women. [8], Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on 8 May 1945, plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War, Operation Downfall, the Allied invasion of Japan. In his declaration's fifth paragraph, Hirohito solely mentions the duration of the conflict; and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender: But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held militarily significant facilities. [112] The target insert followed by air on 30 July, accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta. The rest sites planned including Hond Shopping Street, Motomachi No.2 Army Hospital site, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital[ja], Fukuromachi Elementary School[ja], Hiroshima City Hall[ja] and Hiroshima Station. [275] Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection; the risk of sepsis and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately suppresses the white blood cell count. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive. [139], At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee. ", "Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum", "Historians: Soviet offensive, key to Japan's WWII surrender, was eclipsed by A-bombs", "Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" "An ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages", "Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them", "Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions", "Nuclear weapons: Which countries have them and how many are there? [337], The manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades afterwards. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay. [195] Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and F-33 on their exteriors. [89][90], For several months, the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63million leaflets across Japan. [129] Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B-29s: The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s, two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August. [273][274] Many people not injured by the blast eventually died within that timeframe as well after suffering from ARS. 2 - Heidelberg, An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. cities [209], A few minutes later at 11:00 Japanese Time, The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes. Russia-Ukraine war latest: People 'screaming under rubble' after Set to begin in October 1945, Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kysh. Touching down on only three engines midway down the landing strip, Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 7.6 metres (25ft) before slamming back down hard. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware. At 8.15 on the morning of 6th August 1945, the Japanese city of Hiroshima was devastated by the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon of war. The pattern of the kimono worn by a survivor burned into their skin in tight-fitting areas. [343][344], By 2020, nine nations had nuclear weapons,[345] but Japan was not one of them. Tibbets himself was barred from flying most missions over Japan for fear that he might be captured and forced to reveal what he knew. The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the laws of war, but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws. [14] In all, there were 2.3million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands, backed by a civilian militia of 28million men and women. [104] On 26 July, Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan. Instead, ambient wind pushed the fire spread along the valley. [281] In a strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter, in the 1987 Life Span Study, conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958 and 1987 and who took part in the study. [253] Lawrence had gained access to the city as part of a press junket promoting the U.S. Army Air Force. [114], At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of industrial and military significance. The Atomic Bombs That Ended World War 2 They also simulated actual atomic bombing runs, including the directions of ingress and egress with respect to the wind. If you mean the two Japanese cities that were bombed by the U.S., then it would be Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The only attack on a mainland American military site during World War II occurred on June 21, 1942, on the Oregon coastline. World War II, US military destroyed 66 Japanese cities [105], On 28 July, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. The seventh paragraph gives the reason for the ending of hostilities against the Allies: Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors? The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, at the upcoming Potsdam Conference, as this also required British concurrence.[98]. Copy. [336], In 1963 the bombings were subjected to judicial review in Ryuichi Shimoda v. The State. Air bases were developed,[28] and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944. During one of these raids on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. ago Bombing Democide [172], Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, about 400 metres (1,300ft) from the hypocenter of the blast. General MacArthur found the reporting to have turned from good PR into bad PR and threatened to court martial the entire group. The President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers", "Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)", "A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Wasn't", "Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer", "Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima", "Hidden History: American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima", "Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014", National Archives and Records Administration, "The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima", "Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline", "Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission", "The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb", "Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing", "Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 (CGP-ASPI-025)", "Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki", "Photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombing, from a 1946 US report", "Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim", "Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list", "How Effective Was Navajo Code? Genbaku Dome, Shima Hospital (hypocenter), Motoyasu Bridge[ja] all unveiled plaques with historical photographs and descriptions. 15 Beautiful German Cities Not Destroyed That Survived WW2 Almost Untouched 1 - Goslar, Lower Saxony. Less than a week after his New York Times story was published, Lawrence also backtracked and dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale. [290], In 1985, Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima, to which Prime Minister Kantar Suzuki reiterated the Japanese government's commitment to ignore the Allies' demands and fight on. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed. [118], Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, during World War II, American bombing raids on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) that marked the WW2 [320] The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946. [133] Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island, the Dutch Empire in the Dutch East Indies, Thailand and on The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 B-29s shot down by flak and fighters. One Former Captive Knows", "A Veiled Truth: The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb", "Rescue and Relief Activities | ", "The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai | ", "Imperial Rescript ending war What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech", "Emperor Hirohito's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops", "The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata: A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing, [Japan] 194546", "For one reporter, 1945 visit to Hiroshima was about more than a scoop", "Eighty-Five from the Archive: John Hersey", Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 1977, "Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 67, 1945)", "Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb", "Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects: Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents", Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1, "Nuclear fallout medical effects. He observed that large numbers of survivors continued to die from what later became recognized as radiation poisoning. [80] It supported a large war industry, manufacturing parts for planes and boats, for bombs, rifles, and handguns. cities were [205] The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 percent of the area over Kokura being covered, obscuring the aiming point. All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson. "Americans tend to focus on the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; as a result of that we have forgotten largely in the public realm the fact that a total of 66 Japanese cities were We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. [288], While the National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results,[289] overall, a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes, in terms of distance from the hypocenters. [220] Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including "mobilized" students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed. [331] The Japanese may have surrendered without the bombings, but only an unconditional surrender would satisfy the Allies. Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude precision bombing, aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results. What Cities In Japan Were Bombed During WW2? Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk, and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. [342] Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons. [120] The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures. Bomb [266], The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists, whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon. It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Subs offer. [155] As in other Japanese cities, the firebreaks proved ineffective. A strike on the town's railway station in April 2022 killed 63 people. [317] About 5,0008,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,5002,000 died in Nagasaki. In the clip, McNamara describes the firebombing of Tokyo and other cities, listing the percent of each Japanese city destroyed and naming similar-sized U.S. cities for comparison purposes: [253] Burchett's Morse code dispatch, "The Atomic Plague", was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on 5 September 1945. [304], If they discuss their background, hibakusha and their children were (and still are) victims of fear-based discrimination and exclusion when it comes to prospects of marriage or work[305] due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness or that the low doses that the majority received were less than a routine diagnostic x-ray, much of the public however persist with the belief that the hibakusha carry some hereditary or even contagious disease. The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 percent structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone. [49] That month, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion. [213] The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 212kt (87.98.4TJ). [194], Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane. The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945. [6][328] Stimson talked of saving one million casualties. [59] Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where bomb design work was carried out. Japanese cities were The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later. She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters (some 100 kilometers (62mi) away) that "Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. In December 1944, American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 19451946 (DNA 5512F)", "Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Facts about the Atomic Bomb", "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. [207][208] At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. On 3 July, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto. [108], At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped. In August 1945, leaflets were dropped on several Japanese cities (including, supposedly, Hiroshima and Nagasaki). [25], Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam, Tinian, and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B-29 bases, but they were in Japanese hands. Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4million casualties in such a scenario, of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead, while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10million. [44] The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland, allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05. Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance, but received no answer. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. [196], At 03:47 Tinian time (GMT+10), 02:47 Japanese time,[198] on the morning of 9 August 1945, Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, lifted off from Tinian island with the Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. 2011-12-21 17:24:47. This undertaking was preceded by a conventional bombing and firebombing campaign that devastated 64 Japanese cities. [319], Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on 17 September 1945. The arrival of B-29 Superfortress [145] The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 kilometres (1mi), with resulting fires across 11km2 (4.4sqmi). [313], Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. [124], Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly, including 36 from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division. "[293], The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of grays and rads rather than the biologically significant, biologically weighted sievert in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical. They also worried that the bomb might be a failure, as the Trinity test was that of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. The reports from Nakashima and Burchett informed the public for the first time of the gruesome effects of radiation and nuclear falloutradiation burns and radiation poisoning, sometimes lasting more than thirty days after the blast. She was some 650 meters (2,130ft) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima and would die on 24 August 1945 after traveling to Tokyo. [10] Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet, the capture of the Kant Plain, near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honsh by the U.S. First, Eighth and Tenth Armies, as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian, British and Canadian divisions. The war in the European theatre concluded when Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific War. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki. [339] The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting "an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages",[340] but in October 1947 he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945. Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive, no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war. [33][34], Hansell's successor, Major General Curtis LeMay, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed;[6] 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number. Most were immobile formations for coastal defense, but 16 were high quality mobile divisions. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some were as much as 97 percent destroyed. In the final year of World War II, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of the Japanese mainland.
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