doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00438.2012. Physiol. Red blood cell aggregation, disaggregation and aggregate morphology in autologous plasma and serum in diabetic foot disease. (1997). Hyperviscosity syndrome is an oncological emergency, and timely treatment can prevent life-threatening complications such as thromboembolic events, myocardial infarction, and catastrophic ischemia that results in multiple organ failure. Rep. 9:11813. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48364-1, Grau, M., Pauly, S., Ali, J., Walpurgis, K., Thevis, M., Bloch, W., et al. Viscosity increases about 2% for each degree centigrade decrease in temperature. Sports Med. A., Ridout, S. J., Smithmyer, S. L., and Proctor, D. N. (2009). Viscosity is formally defined as the measurement of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow but can simply be thought of as the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. Extracellular microvesicle microRNAs in children with sickle cell anaemia with divergent clinical phenotypes. Blood viscosity is an important determinant of local flow characteristics, which exhibits shear thinning behavior: it decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. When blood has low viscosity, it travels quickly and without much difficulty. Blood viscosity and blood pressure: role of temperature and Moderate endurance exercise in patients with sickle cell anaemia: effects on oxidative stress and endothelial activation. Martini, J., Carpentier, B., Negrete, A. C., Frangos, J. The exosomes isolated from SCA patients with frequent vaso-occlusive crises also significantly increased the adhesion of monocytes to the vascular wall in mice, compared with exosomes isolated from SCA patients with a less severe phenotype. The amount of water ingested during and after exercise, as well several fluid-regulating hormones (aldosterone, vasopressin and the atrial natriuretic factor) and the level of plasma proteins, influence the degree of the plasma volume expansion after exercise. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. However, plasma viscosity is more important for the regulation of tissue perfusion than blood viscosity 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09126.x. Nevertheless, hematocrit has the strongest impact on whole blood viscosity. (2014). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210236109. Maximal oxygen uptake and lactate thresholds during exercise are related to blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in professional football players. M mu bao gm cc t bo mu l hng cu, bch cu, tiu cu v dch ngoi bo l huyt tng. The clinical significance of whole blood viscosity in (cardio)vascular medicine. 51, 411. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sedimentation rate, sed rate, or ESR for short) is a commonly performed hematology test that may indicate and monitor an increase in inflammatory activity within the body caused by one or more conditions such as autoimmune disease, infections, or tumors. Just like molasses, when blood gets cold, it becomes thicker and flows more slowly. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1608074113, Lapoumeroulie, C., Connes, P., El Hoss, S., Hierso, R., Charlot, K., Lemonne, N., et al. Rep. 9:6771. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43200-y, Renoux, C., Romana, M., Joly, P., Ferdinand, S., Faes, C., Lemonne, N., et al. Hyperviscosity Syndrome: What It Is, Causes & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic Blood Viscosity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Dehydration and insufficient amounts of fluid in the body. The same research group also prescribed three home exercise sessions per week, for 12 weeks, to 13 children with SCA. However, several works conducted in the past 1015 years have shown that, in a physiological context, the parameters of this equation cannot be considered to be truly independent of each other. Genet. Grau et al. J. Physiol. White blood cells and platelets can affect blood rheology, but under normal conditions, red blood cells (RBCs) have the biggest influence (Pop et al., 2002). Pulmonary vascular pressure profile in adult ferrets: measurements in vivo and in isolated lungs. Hebbel, R. P., Osarogiagbon, R., and Kaul, D. (2004). Am. On the other hand, individuals who have improved RBC deformability as a result of HU therapy do not have an elevated risk of vaso-occlusive crisis because HU inhibits RBC, platelets and WBC adhesion to the vascular wall via several mechanisms (Bartolucci et al., 2010; Laurance et al., 2011; Chaar et al., 2014; Pallis et al., 2014; Verger et al., 2014). (2005a). Hemorheol. Physiol. Tsai AG, Friesenecker B, McCarthy M, Sakai H, Intaglietta M. Plasma viscosity regulates capillary perfusion during extreme hemodilution in hamster skin-fold model. Am. 165, 564572. However, if a persons hand is exposed to a cold environment and the fingers become cold, the blood temperature in the fingers falls and viscosity increases, which together with sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction decreases blood flow in the cooled region. Increased blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation in a patient with sickle cell anemia and smoldering myeloma. Crit. J. It gives your provider information about your blood and overall health. (2014). Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide mutation (adenine thymine) in exon I of the -globin gene. 92, E629E630. The hydrophobic residue of valine associates with other hydrophobic residues, which causes HbS molecules to aggregate, forming fibrous precipitates when hemoglobin is deoxygenated. Contrarily, blood viscosity increases when shear rate goes down with increased vessel diameters or with low flow, such as downstream from an obstruction or in diastole. Hemorheol. Several other groups found a slight increase in RBC deformability during running (Suhr et al., 2012) and cycling (Connes et al., 2009) exercises. Scand. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12628, Parthasarathi, K., and Lipowsky, H. H. (1999). Hemorheol. 2016 Oct;175(1):77-86. RBC aggregates usually form in low shear rate areas, such as in veins or in bifurcations. 1:104. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1104. Respir. https://www.cvphysiology.com/Hemodynamics/H011, Baskurt OK, Meiselman HJ (2003). Blood pressure directly correlates with blood viscosity in diabetes type 1 children but not in normals. Vogel J, Kiessling I, Heinicke K, et al. When the blood is thicker, it moves sluggishly; there is an increased risk for red cells to. Clin. Hemorheology and exercise: effects of warm environments and potential consequences for sickle cell trait carriers. Relationships between hemodynamic, hemorheological and metabolic responses during exercise. (2007). Hyperviscosity syndrome occurs when your blood thickens so much that it doesn't flow freely through your blood vessels. Microcirc. Interpret your laboratory results instantly with us. Core temperature rises during exercise and it is well known that blood viscosity also depends on temperature (Baskurt et al., 2009). Footnote: Various determinants of whole blood viscosity. (2012). Flow velocity in a given tube depends on pressure and flow resistance. Indeed, Camus et al. Myelomas are the second leading cause of hyperviscosity syndrome. doi: 10.3233/CH-2010-1252, Verger, E., Schoevaert, D., Carrivain, P., Victor, J. M., Lapoumeroulie, C., and Elion, J. }); The content on this website is intended for informational and educational purposes only. 10:1329. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01329. Plasma viscosity is measured by calculating the force needed to send plasma down a thin tube in a given time. Haematologica 96, 534542. 19, 89104. Indeed, the subject ran at 77% of his maximal aerobic velocity determined on the treadmill and reached a heart rate of 92% of his maximal heart rate. B., Rodeghier, M. J., and Liem, R. I. Hemorheol. Figure 2. 14, 105116. Therefore, elevated blood viscosity can increase vascular resistance. Repeated exercise bouts on consecutive days leads to a chronic autohemodilution resulting in a low baseline hematocrit low baseline viscosity pattern (Ernst, 1987; Brun et al., 1998; Kilic-Toprak et al., 2012). doi: 10.1152/jappl.1981.50.1.123, Diaw, M., Samb, A., Diop, S., Sall, N. D., Ba, A., Cisse, F., et al. 2008;39(1-4):243-6. https://content.iospress.com/articles/clinical-hemorheology-and-microcirculation/ch1088, A contemporary approach to the diagnosis and management of polycythemia vera. (1983). However, evidence shows that these vascular adaptations can only occur in a functioning vascular system with a healthy endothelium. Clin Hemorheol. enable_page_level_ads: true doi: 10.12659/msm.882878, Kleinbongard, P., Schulz, R., Rassaf, T., Lauer, T., Dejam, A., Jax, T., et al. Microcirc 31, 311318. This will lead to decreased oxygen delivery 7. In another study, Waltz et al. Note that the increase is non-linear; increased hematocrit causes a disproportionate increase in relative viscosity. Despite an increase in the percentages of dense RBC at the end of the effort, blood viscosity and soluble forms of P- and E-selectin remained unchanged compared to the pre-exercise level (Balayssac-Siransy et al., 2011; Faes et al., 2014). doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-257444. Hemorheol. 68, 117. doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1469, Salazar Vazquez, B. Y., Cabrales, P., Tsai, A. G., and Intaglietta, M. (2011). Brun, J. F., Varlet-Marie, E., Connes, P., and Aloulou, I. (2013). 2003;102:227884. Heart Circ. Care Med. Slight increases of the plasma soluble forms of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were noted at the end of the exercise in SCA patients, suggesting slight endothelial activation (Faes et al., 2014). Primary data for modeling include (a) blood viscosity among normal, healthy person prior to COVID-19 vaccination, which is equal to 1.5 cp), (b) blood viscosity in persons with metabolic syndrome and c) increased interval of blood viscosity after COVID-19 vaccination, which is equal to 24 cp . Circulating cell membrane microparticles transfer heme to endothelial cells and trigger vasoocclusions in sickle cell disease. In healthy individuals, this would result in compensatory vasodilation, thereby preventing any large increases in vascular resistance. (2005), Tsai et al. Rouleaux formation on a peripheral blood smear is highly suggestive of serum stasis. 99, 14341441. Reduced fitness and abnormal cardiopulmonary responses to maximal exercise testing in children and young adults with sickle cell anemia. Microcirc. Respir. Sci. 312, R39R40. In healthy individuals, the vascular system can adapt to elevations in blood viscosity because increased shear stress results in endothelium-dependent NO production. (2006). 90, E32E33. Hemodynamics - Wikipedia Heart Circ. (2012). Exercise limitation, exercise testing and exercise recommendations in sickle cell anemia. (2003). doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2188. However, there is limited evidence to date regarding the role of high blood viscosity in acute thrombogenic events. Overview What is hyperviscosity syndrome? Viscosity, Serum - Lab Results explained | HealthMatters.io (2019). Med. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.10.005, Charlot, K., Waltz, X., Hedreville, M., Sinnapah, S., Lemonne, N., Etienne-Julan, M., et al. Sci. Microcirc. Femoral shear rate response to knee extensor exercise: an age and sex comparison. Microcirculation 11, 129151. Ernst, E. (1987). doi: 10.3233/CH-131742, Waltz, X., Hedreville, M., Sinnapah, S., Lamarre, Y., Soter, V., Lemonne, N., et al. J. Haematol. 11, 429439. Once hemoglobin is released into the plasma it autoxidizes, forming free heme, iron, and reactive oxygen species, which cause eNOS uncoupling, and decrease NO bioavailability (Kato et al., 2007). Red blood cells have the greatest influence on the blood's viscosity, since they account for up to half its volume. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 10.1007/s10557-012-6402-4. 75, 5461. (2001). The impact of the environment and higher dehydration rate on blood viscosity are unknown and further studies are needed. (2019). Viscosity - Wikipedia Clin. Blood is a non-Newtonian, shear thinning fluid with thixotropic and viscoelastic properties. 98, 12721279. For example, RBC surface properties, including surface charge and glycocalyx depth, also play an important role in this process. Blood viscosity is an important determinant of local flow characteristics, which exhibits shear thinning behavior: it decreases exponentially with increasing shear rates. One of the first works to suggest that NO could affect RBC deformability was the study of Starzyk et al. Viscosity | Definition, Facts, Formula, Units, & Examples (2004b). Clin. Unlike water, blood is non-Newtonian because its viscosity increases at low flow velocities (e.g., during circulatory shock). doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(18)30163-7. Blood Rev. Exercise capacity and clinical outcomes in adults followed in the cooperative study of sickle cell disease (CSSCD). Plasma viscosity, hematocrit, RBC deformability, and RBC aggregation are all factors that modulate blood viscosity. doi: 10.3233/CH-189124, Buono, M. J., Krippes, T., Kolkhorst, F. W., Williams, A. T., and Cabrales, P. (2016). Biorheology 42, 511520. Therefore, SCA patients should always be screened for hemoglobin desaturation during exercise tests to identify whether the person is at risk of experiencing exercise-induced hypoxemia during submaximal efforts. 2019:3765643. doi: 10.1155/2019/3765643, Grau, M., Jerke, M., Nader, E., Schenk, A., Renoux, C., Collins, B., et al. Sci. Connes, P., Bouix, D., Durand, F., Kippelen, P., Mercier, J., Prefaut, C., et al. Clin. Plasma Cell Neoplasms Nikhil C. Munshi, Sundar Jagannath, in Hematology (Seventh Edition), 2018 Hyperviscosity Hyperviscosity is less frequent in myeloma than in Waldenstrm macroglobulinemia, where higher-molecular-weight IgM molecules frequently cause an increase in viscosity. The mainstays of treatment include supportive therapy, plasma exchange or plasmapheresis, and chemotherapy. All patients with plasma viscosity > 3.5 cP had thrombosis.2 For comparison, normal whole blood viscosity at a high shear rate (100/s) is 3.26 0.43 cP.3 Thus, blood viscosity has the potential to be extraordinarily high in COVID-19 patients. (1997), which demonstrated that intravenous infusion of L-NAME (an eNOS inhibitor) in rats caused a reduction of RBC deformability. The findings of Lanotte et al. These neurological manifestations are due to decreased blood flow to the central nervous system and deposition of paraproteins within the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves. (2011). doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1454, Sandor, B., Nagy, A., Toth, A., Rabai, M., Mezey, B., Csatho, A., et al. Global distribution of the sickle cell gene and geographical confirmation of the malaria hypothesis. Microcirc. Clin. However, the current evidence that exists suggests that moderate-intensity endurance-exercise training could potentially be used as a beneficial therapeutic strategy for patients with SCA (Gellen et al., 2018). (2004c). Flow behaviour of erythrocytes. Blood viscosity - Health Jade (1991). Decreased sickle red blood cell adhesion to laminin by hydroxyurea is associated with inhibition of Lu/BCAM protein phosphorylation. Eur. Water and ion shifts in skeletal muscle of humans with intense dynamic knee extension. However, the picture could be slightly different during ultra-running events. Rigid, sickle deformed RBC can cause pre-capillary obstruction and contribute to vaso-occlusion (Rees et al., 2010). Biorheology 47, 95115. Microcirc. Influence of lactate on the insulin action on red blood cell filterability. Circ. Am. Furthermore, chronic exercise has been shown to decrease blood viscosity by increasing RBC deformability and decreasing hematocrit because of chronic auto-hemodilution (Figure 2). Sports 20(Suppl. (2018). Suhr, F., Brenig, J., Muller, R., Behrens, H., Bloch, W., and Grau, M. (2012). Clin. Viscous blood are thicker and travel more slowly. Both hematocrit and plasma viscosity influence blood viscosity. Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase. 39, 243246. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements), red blood cell deformability, mechanical properties of red blood cells, red blood cell aggregation, and plasma viscosity. Rheologic predictors of the severity of the painful sickle cell crisis. doi: 10.1073/pnas.221292098, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Ataga, K. I., Derebail, V. K., Caughey, M., Elsherif, L., Shen, J. H., Jones, S. K., et al. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Furthermore, increased plasma viscosity is associated with higher rates of adverse clinical events in unstable angina pectoris and stroke (Kesmarky et al., 2008). Rotation and deformation in dilute suspensions. Clin. Rampling, M. W., Meiselman, H. J., Neu, B., and Baskurt, O. K. (2004). (2014). doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095317. Connes, P., Lamarre, Y., Hardy-Dessources, M. D., Lemonne, N., Waltz, X., Mougenel, D., et al. Blood viscosity is the measure used to calculate the extent of resistance to blood flowing in arteries, capillaries, or blood vessels while performing its primary function of transporting food and oxygen to all tissues in the body, in addition to determining the strength of the bonding between its molecules, and it is indicated that viscosity depends on two basic factors, These are: the amount of proteins available in the blood plasma, and the number of red blood cells. This is probably due to a combination of several factors, including chronic anemia, reduced muscle mass and strength, abnormal cardiac function, gas exchange abnormalities, mechanical ventilation limitations and peripheral vascular impairment (Callahan et al., 2002; Dougherty et al., 2011; Liem et al., 2015; Badawy et al., 2018; Merlet et al., 2019). doi:10.1111/j.1778-428X.2007.00080.x https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2519874, Viscosity of Blood. Microcirc. Hemorheol. Association between oxidative stress and vascular reactivity in children with sickle cell anaemia and sickle haemoglobin C disease. Sci. Am. PLoS One 7:e45982. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.11.010. Blood is a shear-thinning fluid, meaning that its viscosity decreases when shear rate increases. Arch. U.S.A. 113, 1328913294. This phenomenon is called HbS polymerization, and is responsible for the characteristic shape change, termed sickling, of RBCs. 130 (1): 011003. doi:10.1115/1.2838029. Hemorheol. These studies reported that acute cycling exercise caused blood viscosity measured at high shear rate (i.e., 100200 s1) to increase by more than 15% above pre-exercise values (Brun et al., 1998; Connes et al., 2004a, 2013b; Figure 1). Physiol. Starzyk, D., Korbut, R., and Gryglewski, R. J. Chronic exercise (endurance or resistance exercise) usually decreases blood viscosity (Brun et al., 1998; Romain et al., 2011; Kilic-Toprak et al., 2012). This is an automatically translated article. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021307, Neuhaus, D., and Gaehtgens, P. (1994). However, when endothelial/vascular dysfunction is present, like in SCA (Kato et al., 2007; Ataga et al., 2016; Charlot et al., 2016), vasodilation is impaired. 46, 629639. RBC aggregation is usually lower in SCA patients because of low hematocrit and the inability of irreversible sickle cell to form aggregates. Haemolysis and abnormal haemorheology in sickle cell anaemia. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0447-z. Am. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Pallis, F. R., Conran, N., Fertrin, K. Y., Olalla Saad, S. T., Costa, F. F., and Franco-Penteado, C. F. (2014). (2015). Hemorheol. Microcirc 57, 922. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199213010-00004, Fischer, T. M., Stohr-Lissen, M., and Schmid-Schonbein, H. (1978). Hemost. Prior exposure of endothelial cells to hydroxycarbamide alters the flow dynamics and adhesion of sickle red blood cells. Castillo JJ, Garcia-Sanz R, Hatjiharissi E, Kyle RA, Leleu X, McMaster M, Merlini G, Minnema MC, Morra E, Owen RG, Poulain S, Stone MJ, Tam C, Varettoni M, Dimopoulos MA, Treon SP, Kastritis E. Recommendations for the diagnosis and initial evaluation of patients with Waldenstrm Macroglobulinaemia: A Task Force from the 8th International Workshop on Waldenstrm Macroglobulinaemia. (2001) demonstrated that episodes of intrahepatic hypoxia-reoxygenation, which can occur in SCA, induce the release of plasma XO. Additionally, Khalyfa et al. New insights into red cell rheology and adhesion in patients with sickle cell anaemia during vaso-occlusive crises. 87:E129. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. This is important because recent experiments reveal that the tank-treading behavior of erythrocytes does not occur when RBCs are suspended in solutions with lower viscosities that are more similar to plasma viscosity in vivo (Dupire et al., 2012). (2009). Lipovac, V., Gavella, M., Turck, Z., and Skrabalo, Z. Impaired red cell filterability with elimination of old red blood cells during a 100-km race. The authors estimated that the combined effects of increasing shear rate and hyperthermia during exercise could decrease blood viscosity by 31% below the pre-exercise levels, in spite of the exercise induced hemoconcentration (Buono et al., 2016). RBC aggregation occurs at low shear rates, and increases blood viscosity and depends on both cellular (RBC aggregability) and plasma factors. There is controversy over whether whole blood viscosity versus serum viscosity is superior, but most clinical laboratories measure the viscosity of the serum component of blood. J. Appl. Pop, G. A., Duncker, D. J., Gardien, M., Vranckx, P., Versluis, S., Hasan, D., et al. 185, 991994. Chien, S., King, R. G., Skalak, R., Usami, S., and Copley, A. L. (1975). Moreover, the SCA subjects power outputs measured at 4 mmol/L blood lactate significantly increased after the 8 weeks training period, indicating improved physical fitness. In the figure, the relative viscosity at 0% hematocrit (plasma without cells) is about 1.8 as shown by the y-intercept. Khalyfa, A., Khalyfa, A. Goldsmith, H. L., Frank, J. M., and Maclntosh, C. (1972). doi: 10.3233/CH-141891, Charrin, E., Aufradet, E., Douillard, A., Romdhani, A., Souza, G. D., Bessaad, A., et al. Pflugers. Results are reported as a relative viscosity to water, where normal serum and plasma have a relative viscosity of . Hemorheol. Eryptosis and hemorheological responses to maximal exercise in athletes: comparison between running and cycling. Brun, J. F., Criqui, C., and Orsetti, A. Moreover, regular physical exercise has been shown to decrease blood viscosity in sickle cell mice, which could be beneficial for adequate blood flow and tissue perfusion. Autoregulation and mechanotransduction control the arteriolar response to small changes in hematocrit. Mov. Br. Gueguen-Duchesne, M., Durand, F., Beillot, J., Dezier, J., Rochcongar, P., Legoff, M., et al. The red cell as a fluid droplet: tank tread-like motion of the human erythrocyte membrane in shear flow. J. Hematol. 7, 418. doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1465, Connes, P., Pichon, A., Hardy-Dessources, M. D., Waltz, X., Lamarre, Y., Simmonds, M. J., et al. Presently, only a few studies have been conducted to evaluate chronic exercise in people with SCA. Further research should be conducted to determine how decreased RBC deformability could affect RBC shape transitions. Figure 1. For this reason, physicians have generally been reluctant to promote physical activity for individuals with SCA (Connes, 2010; Waltz and Connes, 2014; Chirico et al., 2016; Martin et al., 2018). 30, 111118. (2012). 18, 1021. Microcirc. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318200ef49, Dupire, J., Socol, M., and Viallat, A. Eur. Another important factor that influences blood viscosity is temperature. The maximal treadmill and cycling tests consisted in a progressive and maximal exercise conducted until VO2max and performed in laboratory conditions (temperature: 24C). Most of the studies have found that acute cycling exercise increases blood viscosity by decreasing RBC deformability and increasing hematocrit and plasma viscosity (Figure 2). Therefore, a loss of RBC deformability at very low shear rates (less than 1 s1) results in a decrease in blood viscosity (Chien et al., 1970). Relationship between fitness and blood fluidity. Microcirc 30, 169178. Customers SHOULD NOT arbitrarily apply it at any circumstances. Patients with an abnormal elevation in red cell hematocrit (polycythemia) have much higher blood viscosities. (1985). Viscosity of Whole Blood - viscosity table and viscosity chart :: Anton These findings illustrate that children with SCA do moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity for short durations. Blood becomes less viscous at high shear rates like those experienced with increased flow such as during exercise or in peak-systole. 88, 20742080. It has been reported that elevation of hematocrit and Hb levels increases blood viscosity and that increased viscosity partly through an effect on blood pressure may worsen cardiovascular function. The triphasic effects of exercise on blood rheology: which relevance to physiology and pathophysiology? The pathologic rise of acellular components can either be monoclonal or polyclonal. Many cardiovascular handbooks consider blood viscosity values between 3.5 and 5.5 cP to be normal. Therefore, RBC must be highly deformable to pass through the narrowest vessels of the microcirculation. Science 202, 894896. Blood 121, 30543056. Clin. Microcirc 44, 5561. These biological parameters were also associated with the ability of recover from a short submaximal exercise (Charlot et al., 2015). Blood viscosity (BV) is an important blood property, and plays a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. (2011). Ballas, S. K., and Smith, E. D. (1992). Clin. J. Appl. Hyperviscosity syndrome is a condition in which blood isn't able to flow freely through your arteries. Seminars in Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 26. Initial experiments done to analyze RBC deformability in blood flow were conducted in the 1970s and 1980s using microtubes (Goldsmith et al., 1972) and rheoscopes (Fischer et al., 1978). (2014). Overall, these works suggest that therapies focusing both on blood rheology and vascular function could be helpful to decrease the clinical severity of SCA patients. Role of exercise-induced oxidative stress in sickle cell trait and disease. Time course of hemorheological alterations after heavy anaerobic exercise in untrained human subjects. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease that causes pathological changes in blood rheology that ultimately contribute to the development of vascular dysfunction and disease complications. 54, 827830. 2012;8:1-6. Physiol. Book visit via MyVinmec Impaired oxygen uptake efficiency slope and off-transient kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake in sickle cell anemia are associated with hemorheological abnormalities. Current diagnostic tools are limited, including only invasive procedures such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, biopsy, and histopathology. Acute (A) and chronic (B) effects of exercise on blood rheology (blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, red blood cell deformability, and aggregation) in healthy individuals and patients with sickle cell anemia., , ; =, no change; ?, unknown. Sports Med. Blood viscosity can be reduced by anemia, thrombocytopenia or hemodilution due to plasma volume replacement.
Categorias