Parazzini F, Streatfield PK, Comparison 18 Multivitamin plus folic acid versus no multivitamin/folic acid, Outcome 4 Congenital malformations. Zeng L, Kupka R, Premkumar BJ, Data from 106 women who were already pregnant at time of recruitment are also included. Calle M, 4''Garbhadrnhaama'' mantra is the 17th charm of 2nd analogy, 6th episode of Atharva Veda and was written by rishi Atharva. Hb, serum ferritin, serum zinc, and serum retinol. Dropout rate appears balanced between groups and reasons for loss to followup were provided. No reasons for missing data. Neonatal mortality (defined as death before 8 days). Nikiema L, Effects of maternal micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and under2years child mortality: longterm followup of a randomised controlled trial from GuineaBissau. We now include trials where supplementation occurred in midpregnancy. For women included a composite of any of the following until 6 weeks postpartum: death, pulmonary edema, eclampsia, stroke, thrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, placental abruption, abnormal liver function, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, major postpartum haemorrhage, postpartum pyrexia, pneumonia, deepvein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolus requiring anticoagulant therapy. These demonstrated consistent effects and reached statistical significance when the data were pooled. Metz J. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy in a population subsisting on a suboptimal diet. 164 women (9%) excluded, intentiontotreat analyses performed. Yang YK, Comparison 2 Vitamin C versus no supplement/placebo, Outcome 3 Stillbirth. 354 women were recruited into the study. Unclear if there was a samplesize calculation performed. Based on available evidence, Rumbold 2011 concluded that taking any vitamin supplements prior to pregnancy or in early pregnancy does not prevent women from experiencing miscarriage or stillbirth. The vibrations are pure in a mantra for pregnancy protection. Tcsi A, Random sequence generation (selection bias). Fleming AF, Effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on inflammatory markers in Nepalese women, MIRA Janakpur. Pregnancy Mantra: Affirmations to Ease Pregnancy Anxiety All women under 45 years of age who are married and living with their husbands as residents of the JiVitA study area at the time of an initial population enumeration, and those who enter the cohort as newlyweds, were eligible for pregnancy surveillance and, when identified as pregnant, enrolled. Reference : Sanatan Sansthas Holy text Sixteen Sanskars and How to inculcate good sanskars in children ?. Randomisation codes were safely kept at the administrative office of ICDDR,B and were not broken until after performing the intentiontotreat analyses. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Hauth J, et al. Muadz H, And there is a process for chanting this mantra. 150 women were recruited into the study. Cudd TA, Information enabling women to be classified at high or low risk of either spontaneous miscarriage or recurrent miscarriage was not clearly stated in any of the trials included in this update. 1374 women were recruited to participate, however 52 women were randomly assigned twice for consecutive pregnancies, resulting in data for 1426 pregnancies. Pg 2650. Central allocation (randomisation was performed by the statisticians of the British VIP Trial). Wagner R, The whole process is easy. No details of how allocation was done. No studies reported any adverse effects for this comparison. The distribution of study participants across the urban and rural areas is unclear from the text and no adjustments were made for cluster design. Ali H, Rumiris D, government site. 2014 Hindu Janajagruti Samiti - All Rights Reserved, Festivals and other religious observances. Figures change with serial publications, particularly for secondary outcomes, and results are not reported separately for the individual 4 groups. PCV: packed cell volume Effect of antioxidants on amelioration of highrisk factors inducing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Hautvast JG, We thank the following for their translation help: Izabella Brzostowicz and Agnieszke Kimball for Chelchowska 2004; Rebecca Gainey and Kate Bartos for Lira 1989; and Lucia Bartos for Mtneki 1996. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes, Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage, Exposure to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study, Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage, Combined oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage. The contents of this site are Copyrighted. Hauth JC, The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Thom EA, Saville NM, Correia JM, Czeizel AE, PAI2: plasminogen activator inhibitor2 It helps the women protect her baby when it is still in the womb. Felix T, Schorr H, Gandhi M, Treatment of Threatened Miscarriage with Progestogens | AAFP Sectors were randomised in blocks of 9. Pati Patni Me Pyar Badhane Ke Upay - Vashikaran Mantra Expert pg 214. No further information was available. Johansson AL, et al. Prior S, Valero J, May Prajapati help in coming out of semen and Dhata be useful for conceiving. Effects of exclusive breastfeeding intervention on child growth and body composition: The MINIMat trial, Bangladesh. Stewart CP, Fleming AF, Harris R, In this sanskar, the oblations offered to Deities Matrudevata, Rakadevata, Vishnu and Prajapati should be two, two, three and one respectively. 75 women were recruited into the trial. Another observational study demonstrated an association between the risk of spontaneous early miscarriage and dietary factors; poor intake of green vegetables, fruit and dairy products coupled with a high intake of fat was associated with a high risk of spontaneous miscarriage (Di Cintio 2001). Papiernik E, Mallen C, support early pregnancy to protect against miscarriage. And a woman will try everything to protect the fetus. Women were not eligible if they were known to be seeking a termination, had specific chronic health disorders, if they admitted to recent use of narcotics or heavy use of alcohol, or weighed >= 140 pounds at conception. Crowther CA, Persson LA. RaycoSolon P. Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects, Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage. Foged N. The influence of folic acid supplement on the outcome of pregnancies in the county of Funen in Denmark. Authors claim the study had doubleblind design, but it is unclear who were blinded. If the average treatment effect was not clinically meaningful, we did not combine trials. Urassa E, Shaikh S, Khatry SK, The remaining eight trials were at high risk of bias. Fusselier M, official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1817 women were randomised to either F (n = 449), MV (n = 453), MF (n = 461) or P (n = 454), of which, 1195 were informative pregnancies that is, where the outcome of NTD or not was definitely known (F n = 298, MV n = 302, MF n = 295, P n = 300). Methyltetrahydrofolate vs folic acid supplementation in idiopathic recurrent miscarriage with respect to methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C polymorphisms: a randomized controlled trial, The prophylaxis of folate deficiency in pregnancy, The treatment of folate deficiency in pregnancy. Each ward was assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. RichieriCosta A, Henry MC, Randomisation and allocation concealment: communitybased, individuallyrandomised, placebocontrolled and doubleblinded study. Miscarriage (loss before 28 weeks) was not effected by this intervention. et al. BMI: body mass index Khatry SK, Hekmatdoost A, Renjifo B, A composite measure of death or serious outcomes in the infant. All subgroups have been deleted from any analysis. Duration of gestation (presented as cumulative rates of delivery from life tables for each treatment group). Christian P, But not all are lucky enough to have one becausesome unfateful incident might happen. MRDR: modified relative doseresponse Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Comparison 25 Folic acid plus iron versus iron, Outcome 2 Early or late miscarriage. Twice daily tablet of either 250 mg vitamin C or placebo, from trial entry until 34 weeks' gestation. Randomisation and allocation concealment: participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive 1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E. A randomisation sequence generated in advance by Victoria Pharmaceuticals using PRISYM ID software (version1.0009) was used. Kulkarni B, Similarly, the duration of vitamin usage was complicated by the fact that many of the trials had wide recruitment periods, and one trial (Katz 2000) supplemented women up until three years postpartum. Women and investigators blinded to treatment allocation. Abortion spell - How the ritual can specifically help in different cases Preterm birth (before 34 weeks of gestational age. Haider BA, Khatry SK, Comparison 14 Multivitamin with/without folic acid versus folic acid, Outcome 4 Congenital malformations. Purwosunu Y, Randomisation and allocation concealment: third party randomisation, "randomisation was carried out through the Clinical Trials Service Unit in Oxford". And a very unforgettable moment. Osrin D. Effects of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on children's weight and size at 2 years of age in Nepal: followup of a doubleblind randomised controlled trial, Nutrition of expectant and nursing mothers: interim report, The nutrition of expectant and nursing mothers in relation to maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire. RivasEcheverria CA, Pg 956. FOIA AduAfarwuah S, Relevant outcomes reported as prespecified in the protocol. Miscarriage: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment & Prevention Prenatal food supplementation fortified with multiple micronutrients increases birth length: a randomized controlled trial in rural Burkina Faso. Women in control group tended to be poorer and less educated and more women in intervention group used more preventive measures against malaria and had larger households. Grebe G. Folate deficiency in pregnancy: effect of supplemental folate. Fawzi WW, Xiong X, ICMR Collaborating Centres and Central Technical Coordinating Unit. The number of clusters excluded was unbalanced across the intervention groups which may have been due to important baseline differences. Physical problems in the mother. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. All women were given 200 tablets, containing either 100 mg each of ascorbic acid and hesperidin or placebo (an inert powder). There is limited information available about the impact of vitamins on the risk of early versus late miscarriage. Fawzi WW. And after some small offering, starts chanting the mantra. 25 inclusion/exclusion criteria violations (23 enrolled outside 1219 weeks gestation; 2 twin gestations 1 lost to spontaneous abortions, 1 delivered liveborn in treatment group); all 25 women remained in their assigned study groups. Robinson JS. Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Japan. We describe for each included study how we investigated the possibility of selective outcome reporting bias and what we found. Miscarriage Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment - WebMD We regarded heterogeneity as substantial if the I was greater than 30% and either the Tau was greater than zero, or there was a low P value (less than 0.10) in the Chi test for heterogeneity. A woman is the mother of a Nation. Cnattingius S. Plasma folate levels and risk of spontaneous abortion. A pro forma translation sheet was used to extract relevant information from nonEnglish articles. "Unselected patients were each given 200 capsules these were given a code, unknown to us and contained either an inert powder or 100 mg each of ascorbic acid and hesperidin.". Over the past few years this site has published dome specific mantras, remedies, yantras, spells and charms which are popular in India to ensure success in all kind of marriages; loved and arranged and remove hindrances which obstruct someone from getting married. Supplements were originally shipped in identicallylabelled, 100count white opaque plastic bottles distinguished only by the code number1, 2 or 3listed on the label. eCollection 2022. Fetal loss due to miscarriage or stillbirth. The use of mantras of unique frequencies is used along with certain rituals to cast a spell of attraction over someone or even a spell of mass attraction. Christian P, Allocation concealment was described a treatment colour code was assigned to each village based on the treatment allocation schedule. Aditiawarman, Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. Ahmed S, Msamanga G, GonzalezCasanova I, The mother needs to chant the mantra to keep the baby safe. 123 (43.5%) women were excluded, of which, 70 women were withdrawn because their second Doppler scan was normal. Blanc W, Randomisation and allocation concealment: unclear, "women agreed to their allocation on the basis of a random table". Smithells RW, 50 women of recurrent of abortions (more than 2). In this review we have included studies that reported more than 20% losses to followup and undertaken further analyses based on trial quality. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV1 in Tanzania, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. Surace M, compared with placebo or no vitamin C groups. Denominators vary with serial publications. And after offings, start chanting the mantra. But those nine-month seem nothing when the baby is born. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancyassociated hypertension. Steyn PS, The mantra for safe delivery. Shrestha Y, EiniZinab H, Seven trials (Bhutta 2009; Fleming 1968; Kumwenda 2002; People's League 1942; Schmidt 2001; Steyn 2003; West 2011) reported information about women's nutritional status or the percentage of women who were dietary deficient at trial entry for the vitamin of interest. Another 20 trials were assessed as unclear risk of bias because of unavailability of trial registration or protocol (Bhutta 2009; Rush 1980), variations between the protocol and the publication (Poston 2006), due to insufficient details provided about methods or selective reporting (Briscoe 1959; Fleming 1968; Hans 2010; Hemmi 2003; ICMR 2000; Kirke 1992; MRC 1991; People's League 1942; Roberfroid 2008; Steyn 2003; Villar 2009; Zagre 2007), variations of information between serial publications (Czeizel 1994; Fawzi 1998; Katz 2000; Schmidt 2001), or the trial was stopped before completion (Jauniaux 2004). Ulrich M, When this trial was excluded, the heterogeneity was no longer present. They also had 1 of the following criteria: low prepregnant weight (under 110 pounds at conception); low weight gain at the time of recruitment; at least 1 previous low birthweight infant; a history of protein intake of less than 50 g in the 24 hours preceding recruitment. Vishnu manifested as Mohini, an unparalleled beauty, in order to attract and destroy Bhasmasur an invincible demon. "The field staff (medical officers, community health workers, social scientists, and data collection team) remained completely blinded as to the supplement allocation." 21 women (28%) excluded from the analysis. Vitamins are either water soluble such as vitamin C and the B group vitamins (including folate) or fat soluble such as vitamins A, D, E and K. They may be obtained directly from the diet or in the form of dietary supplements of either individual vitamin or multivitamin preparations. We entered data into Review Manager software (RevMan 2014) and checked for accuracy. Randomisation and allocation concealment: "randomisation was undertaken by computergenerated numbers". systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, or other blood clotting disorders such as hyperhomocysteinaemia (high levels of homocysteine in the blood) or another thrombophilia (Preston 1996). Huybregts L, This combination has been shown to help prevent miscarriages due to high homocysteine levels. 2014 Dec 5;2014(1):393-9. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.393. Similarly, many commercially available vitamin preparations contain a range of combinations of vitamins. Anaemia (severe and mild/moderate) before 28 weeks', between 2836 weeks', and after 36 weeks' gestation. Eligibility included all women resident in the counties who became pregnant between August 2002 and January 2006. Apriatni M, 2 of the 4 blocks received either MMN of IFA. HbSC:haemoglobin SC disease Although progestogens decreased the risk of miscarriage overall, this was significant only with orallynot vaginallyadministered therapies. Myatt L, However, they varied widely between trials for the folic acid (range 0.3 mg to 10 mg), multivitamins and vitamin A trials (range 5000 international units (IU) to 23,300 IU). Fetal loss or perinatal death (defined as any fetal loss at 20 weeks). Ancient Hindu and other Indian religious texts and scriptures have prescribed various mantras to rid oneself of enemy troubles. This chant is combined with the frequency of Sacral Chakra-417 Hz which helps helps to balance the female hormones and strengthening the womb, which in turn facilitates a smoother pregnancy. The phenotypic effects of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation in Nepalese children. Steyn PS, , Meaning : O woman, you are mouth of Vishwavasu Gandharva. Spiegelman D, Because both the parents have waited for so long, baby birth makes them happy. The Goddess Mahalaxmi is the Hindu Goddess of plenty. Pregnant women between 12 and 27 weeks who had a negative test for HIV infection and planned to stay in the city until delivery and for 1 year thereafter recruited through antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam. Hidayati N, Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Women's risk profile spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage is unclear, although they are clearly at high risk of preterm birth. Proportion of women lost to followup was significantly different across groups 335/1777 in IFA and 290/L ,893 in MMN. et al. Alice Rumbold is an investigator on the Australian Collaborative Trial of Supplements with vitamin C and vitamin E for the prevention of preeclampsia (Rumbold 2006). No other methodological details given. Adou P, Stillbirth, defined as delivery of a dead baby at or after 28 weeks' gestation. Randomisation and allocation concealment: the randomisation (computergenerated sequence) was blockedi.e., balancedby centre in groups of 2 to 10 individuals. Baumslag N, No information on participant or personnel blinding provided. Nutritional mechanisms underlying this association include homocysteine metabolism and oxidative stress. Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virusinfected women in Malawi. Briefly, the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Groups Trials Register is maintained by the Trials Search Coordinator and contains trials identified from: Search results are screened by two people and the full text of all relevant trial reports identified through the searching activities described above is reviewed. Jouma M, We considered that studies were at low risk of bias if they were blinded, or if we judged that the lack of blinding would be unlikely to affect results. Women's risk of spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage was unclear, although may be increased due to their HIV1 positive status. The baby is very small and vulnerable. The Vedic rituals performed by the mother, father and the Guru on the son or daughter from the time of conception till marriage, so that they may perform balanced sattvik (Sattva-predominant) actions are referred to as the sanskars. Suharno D, Only study abstract available and the composition of the supplement is not clear. et al. Women allocated to the treatment group were given daily vitamin C 100 mg, ferrous iron 0.26 g, calcium 0.26 g, minute quantities of iodine, manganese and copper, adsorbate of vitamin B1 containing all factors of the B complex and halibut liver oil 0.36 g containing vitamin A (52,000 IU per g) and vitamin D (2500 IU per g). Nordmark A, Morbidities (diarrhoea, lower acute respiratory infections). Katz J, Hunt BJ, Apgar score less than seven at five minutes. 63 women were lost to followup and 14 sets of twins were excluded due to their higher risk of low birthweight and infant mortality. et al. Women were eligible for inclusion if they had not had a previous pregnancy that lasted beyond 19 weeks 6 days. When it reaches adulthood, it pierces the inside of the fruit and falls to the earth. A collection of Cochrane for Clinicians published in AFP is available at https://www.aafp.org/afp/cochrane. The remaining two trials were at high risk of reporting bias; in Fleming 1986, not all outcomes were reported for all treatment groups and in McCance 2010, fewer outcomes were stated in the trial registration compared with the report. Of the remaining 1075 women, 54 women (5%) were lost to followup by the time of delivery, leaving birth outcomes reported for 1021 women. Before Women were provided with multivitamin or trace element 'control' from at least 28 days before conception continuing until at least the second missed menstrual period. See tables Characteristics of included studies and Characteristics of excluded studies for details of individual studies. Clifton RG, 1320 pregnant women around 20 gestational weeks. All Rights Reserved. Aguayo VM. For this update, we assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach as outlined in the GRADE handbook in order to assess the quality of the body of evidence relating to the following outcomes in the comparisons: 1) vitamin C and vitamin E versus placebo, 2) vitamin A plus iron plus folate versus iron plus folate and 3) multivitamin plus iron plus folate versus iron plus folate. Rashid M, We did not apply any language or date restrictions. Vaylet C, et al. Generation of sequence not reported, except that there were blocks of 20 in the sequence. All study scientists and personnel, government staff, and enrollees were unaware of the allocation. Costello AM, et al. Abbeddou S, Physical and clinical examination, including a morbidity assessment and measurement of fundal height. Robinson JS, Lanou H, Treatment codes were assigned by the Nutrilite Health Institute and were kept in a sealed envelope in a locked cabinet at both Nutrilite and Johns Hopkins University. The site is secure. monthly searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); handsearches of 30 journals and the proceedings of major conferences; weekly current awareness alerts for a further 44 journals plus monthly BioMed Central email alerts. NanayakkaraBind A, Comparison 1 Vitamin C plus vitamin E versus placebo, Outcome 4 Congenital malformations. 1. The larvae penetrate the buds after hatching from the egg. Briggs ND, Vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent preterm premature rupture of membranes, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal insulin resistance and preeclampsia, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Australian collaborative trial of supplements (ACTS) with vitamin C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia a randomised controlled trial, Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 10th Annual Congress; 2006 April 36; Perth, Australia. Fourteen trials provided only limited methodological details to exclude other sources of bias and were judged as unclear (Briscoe 1959; Czeizel 1994; Fawzi 1998; Fleming 1968; Fleming 1986; ICMR 2000; Jauniaux 2004; Kumwenda 2002; People's League 1942; Prawirohartono 2011; Rush 1980; Schmidt 2001) as well as Rumiris 2006, were participants in the control and intervention group slightly differed in systolic blood pressure at baseline. Pg 78 (Labrique). Only women intending to remain in the study location until giving birth were recruited. No details about how allocation concealment was done. Grinsted P, Disclaimer. Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation on infant development: a randomized trial from the maternal and infant nutrition interventions, Matlab (MIMIMat) study, Vitamin A supplementation for anaemia in pregnancy. Women were 'randomly assigned on an individual basis' but no other details given. Study participants, interviewers, field supervisors and investigators remained masked to treatment assignments until the end of the trial. 2404 women with clinical risk factors for preeclampsia. Sekizawa A. Comparison 25 Folic acid plus iron versus iron, Outcome 1 Total fetal loss. The juice of durva filtered with a cloth should be squeezed into the right nostril of the pregnant woman with the help of the right thumb while reciting the mantras from the suktas (Vedic hymn) of Prajavadakhya and Jivaputrakhya. Squeeze three to four drops of ashwagana or durva juice into the right nostril of the woman. Fetal death, defined as either miscarriage or stillbirth. Desplats G, Baylin A, Sankalpa : May the messengers of ghosts and demons, who are fond of meat and blood, who obstruct the growth of the foetus in the womb of my wife, be destroyed. .No matter howsoever difficult the specific want may be, this mantra is said to give success. Supplements were identical in appearance. Khatry S, Crowther CA, Herbert DL, Participants and personnel: 28 trials were assessed as having a low risk of performance bias and reported blinding of participants and personnel to the treatment allocation (Bhutta 2009; Briscoe 1959; Chappell 1999; Fawzi 1998; Fawzi 2007; Fleming 1968; Fleming 1986; Katz 2000; Kirke 1992; McCance 2010; MRC 1991; Poston 2006; Prawirohartono 2011; Roberfroid 2008; Roberts 2010; Rumbold 2006; Rumiris 2006; Spinnato 2007; Summit 2008; Tofail 2008; Van den Broek 2006; Villar 2009; West 2011; West 2014; Wibowo 2012; Xu 2010; Zagre 2007; Zeng 2008). Comparison 26 Folic acid plus iron and antimalarials versus iron and antimalarials, Outcome 1 Total fetal loss. Hb concentration, red cell indices and WBC at first attendance, 28 weeks, 36 weeks, at delivery (form mother and infant) and 6 weeks postpartum. Huybregts L, Hunter DJ, Young MF, Vashikaran Mantra Expert Advice Online. Randomisation and allocation concealment: 1 of the authors 'randomly allocated 1200 participant numbers by computer into 2 groups in permuted blocks of 50'. Touching her heart, the man should say, Just as the earth is impregnated with fire and the directions have vayu (Air) as the foetus, so also I am impregnating you. 2378 women from community settings in urban and rural Sindh (Pakistan) less than 16 weeks of gestation. LeClerq SC, mg/mL: milligrams per millilitre "The code was revealed to the researchers once recruitment, data collection, and laboratory analyses were complete" pg811. Herring AH, Funnel plot of comparison: 9 Multivitamin plus iron and folic acid versus iron and folic acid, outcome: 9.3 Stillbirth. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. Women were identified from case registers at the participating hospitals. Persson LA, Others may experience spotting for up to 4 weeks afterward. Mantra for Stillbirth and Miscarriage The word "amuki" is to be replaced by the name of the woman who is to be safeguarded. 18% of women in each group had experienced a previous fetal loss. et al. Lind T. Effect of iron supplementation on serum ferritin levels during and after pregnancy. Women participating in the HOFPP who volunteered to take part, were not currently pregnant, and who conceived within 12 months of ceasing contraception.
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