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Nonetheless, ethnic differences in skin aging have been found to be independent of educational level, sun exposure and smoking46. National Library of Medicine Interestingly, photoaging, often attributed to sun exposure, was not always significantly associated with sun exposure (Supplementary Table 6). Intern. Warren, R. et al. Finally, a significant association found for wrinkling and current smoking (pOR 3.21, 95% CI 1.56, 6.58), with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=49.00%, p=0.141) (see Fig. Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing?. https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab019 (2021). Factors Affecting Wound Healing - Physiopedia Magnetic Gels in Skin Cancer Treatment: A Review of Potential Applications in Diagnostics, Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia. 28, 186201. Air pollution and skin aging. J. 3). Pharmaceutics. PubMed Article Prevalence and determinants for xerosis cutis in the middle-aged and elderly population: A cross-sectional study. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.303 (2009). Studies examining smoking status compared ever smokers to never smokers, or between current, former and non-smokers. 1 Skin Layers Am. Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta Vierkotter, A. et al. PubMed Seasonal and annual variation in the intensity of facial wrinkles. 1. It affects skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles, including the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Chien, A. L. et al. Investig. What Causes Our Skin to Age: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors to Consider Moreover, the confounding effect of sub-ethnicity on skin aging phenotype cannot be discounted; one study reported a non-significant difference in wrinkling between Mongolians, an Asian ethnic group, and Caucasians (OR 1.014, 95% CI 0.4682.196)34. Purba, M. B. et al. J. Dermatol. Although significant associations were reported for female gender with wrinkling (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.74, 7.84)38 and perioral wrinkling39, sensitivity analysis by exclusion of each study from the meta-analysis of wrinkling and gender showed that the association with male gender was significantly strengthened when Chung et al.38 was excluded (pOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.27, 1.77) (Supplementary Fig. Biomed. Changes in Skin Condition in Relation to Degree of Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 145 (School of Biology, Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1980). Twenty-nine articles offered some definition of skin aging, with 11 from the primary search and 18 from the secondary search (Supplementary Table 3). Extrinsic ageing is induced by chronic ultraviolet ( UV) radiation exposure, smoking, and other pollutants, and is superimposed on the intrinsic ageing process. Dermatol. 103, 14931498. PMC Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The same has also been documented for aging between individuals of different origins. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10536.x (2011). Google Scholar. PRISMA flow diagram (from Moher et al.12. Symp. These articles examined outcomes linked to skin aging by articles from the primary search and reported risk factor associations but did not necessarily link the outcomes to skin aging themselves. Intrinsic factors can include altered nutritional status, vascular disease issues, and diabetes. A tale of two cities. The texture, the elasticity of the skin, and the changes in the skin with age- all these can be divided into: Internal factors External factors Internal Factors The factors include Genetics, Hormones and specific health conditions like PCOS or Diabetes. Dermatol. CAS Nagata, C. et al. & Lachman, M. E. Stress and subjective age: Those with greater financial stress look older. Vierkotter, A. et al. 1). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Skin Surface pH Yin, L., Morita, A. Flament, F. et al. Buendia-Eisman, A., Prieto, L., Abarquero, M. & Arias-Santiago, S. Study of the exposome ageing-related factors in the Spanish population. The .gov means its official. There was a preponderance of cosmetic industry funding and frequent focus on the visuals of skin aging in studies presently reviewed. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 (1986). Pooling the associations for skin aging with being a smoker, which referred to subjects who indicated they had ever smoked or yes to being a smoker, resulted in a significant association for smokers face only (pOR 8.06, 95% CI 1.92, 33.91) with significant heterogeneity (I2=76.43%, p=0.039). Thank you for visiting nature.com. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors including UV radiation, pollution, smoking, humidity, and poor diet also affect skin health . The effects of these two types of factors overlap for the most part. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00390.x (1995). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509993461 (2010). Sunlight in moderation is good our overall wellbeing, but too much sun can damage skin. conducted the literature review, collated and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Raduan, A. P., Luiz, R. R. & Manela-Azulay, M. Association between smoking and cutaneous ageing in a Brazilian population. volume11, Articlenumber:22075 (2021) Intrinsic factors include gender, ethnicity, and anatomical variations, which are genetically determined. Despite recognition that biogeography and individuality shape the function and composition of the human skin microbiome, we know little about how extrinsic and intrinsic host factors influence its composition. 210). Vis. If effect sizes were not reported, means and error bars were extracted (Supplementary Dataset). Common and atypical naevi. Full search terms and filters applied for their respective databases are summarised in Table 1. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. As we age, our skin will naturally lose dermal collagen, melanin, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking exposure. J. Cosmet. Full-text articles excluded from the review met at least one of the following criteria: article was a review; article reported insufficient study data; article reported only analysed correlations between skin aging signs. In the literature, sun exposure was quantified using various units (e.g., cumulative lifetime hours, hours per day) and stratified variously by types of sun exposure (e.g., recreational sun exposure, occupational sun exposure). In contrast, modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and sun exposure, influence extrinsic skin aging and can be altered through interventions and lifestyle changes. Fritschi, L. & Green, A. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Hemostasis - Hemostasis starts within the first 15 minutes of an injury that extends through the epidermis into the dermis. PubMed 8600 Rockville Pike Skin Res. A related protective factor, sunscreen use, was significantly associated with wrinkling (pOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25, 0.98) with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=0.00%, p=0.387). 22, 13121318. Where possible, adjusted effect sizes were preferred to non-adjusted ones. Cite this article. Is skin ageing in the elderly caused by sun exposure or smoking?. Perner, D. et al. Flament, F., Ye, C. & Amar, D. Assessing the impact of an aerial chronic urban pollution (UP) on some facial signs of differently-aged Chinese men. Despite the heterogeneity between studies, a healthier dietary intake appears to be associated with less severe skin aging appearance: fatty acids were significantly associated with lower likelihood of dryness, photoaging, and lower SSM score61,62,65; increased vegetable consumption was significantly associated with decreased wrinkling and lower SSM score64,65; the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHDI) was associated with decrease wrinkling63. Am. Ensuring skin integrity in the elderly requires a team approach and includes the individual, caregivers, and clinicians. Sci. The importance of skin care and assessment. Acad. 37, 492496. A primary literature search was performed using the Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases in October 2020. Dryness has been quantified by skin conductance measured using Skicon-20087, while biopsies could permit better quantitative analyses of skin aging via the staining of elastotic tissue88, or histologic study2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.02.010 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S104392 (2016). In contrast, three studies assigned grades to their target outcome, then calculated a final score from the assigned grades by applying a formula34,35,36. The association of alcohol intake was also examined by multiple studies21,23,35,36,57,65,66,67,68,69,70. Pigment Cell Res. Dermatol. For the significant pooled associations, significant heterogeneity was observed for higher SSM score (I2=75.04%, p=0.003), telangiectasia (I2=75.04%, p=0.000), and wrinkling (I2=87.25%, p=0.000). Skin ageing: A comparison between Chinese and European populations. Some of these compounds, e.g., lauric acid and sapienic acid, have inhibitory activity against G+ pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Corynebacterium bovis ]. J. Soc. Biomolecules. Effect of smoking on aging of photoprotected skin: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. & Ashworth, J. J. Ageing and wound healing. Lifestyle and youthful looks. Park, J. H., Oh, S. J. The final database search using outcomes from the eligible primary search results did not yield other eligible studies not already included in this review. 40, 467481. Physiological factors that regulate skin pigmentation - PMC Dermatol. Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: Influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color. Besides examining risk factors with established significant associations with skin aging, we have also put forward some associations that deserve closer scrutiny. The presence of natural acidic compounds on the skin surface helps maintain t . Effect of age, gender, and sun exposure on ethnic skin photoaging: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Sci. Sibbald RG, Campbell K, Coutts P, Queen D. Ostomy Wound Manage. There are two major theories for aging: the programmatic theory which . Acad. Aging of photoprotected areas for example, the inner side of the upper arm, is mainly due to intrinsic genetic or metabolic factors, whereas exposed skin areas are additionally influenced by extrinsic factors, especially solar UV radiation 5. Oyetakin-White, P. et al. A severe chronic outdoor urban pollution alters some facial aging signs in Chinese women. Model 1 and 2: Ernster et al.36 excluded from models. Australas J. Dermatol. 143, 397402. Accessibility Dermatol. J. Dermatol. (c) Forest plots for sunscreen use and skin aging. Nonetheless, there was a doseresponse relationship between pack-years of smoking and wrinkling, across four studies, where an increase in number of pack-years of smoking resulted in a stronger association with wrinkling manifestation (Fig. Nonetheless, significant associations were reported for sunscreen use with lower perceived age68 and reduced degree of photoaging30. 33, 19031908 (1992). Photoimmunol. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.3.397 (2007). Elaborations on pollutant interactions and mechanistic evidence for skin aging and air pollution (e.g., dyspigmentation and particulate matter; wrinkling and ozone) have been reviewed elsewhere9,10,58,59,60. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Outcomes quantified using digital image analysis were also included. Before https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70227-9 (1989). Health Rep. 7, 5864. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13834 (2017). (b) Forest plot for skin aging and former smoking (non-smoking as reference). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015 (2017). Investig. Kumal Rajpaul. Nutr. 40, 502515. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021399228395 (2002). In this article, new knowledge about genes and biological processes that can significantly affect skin homeostasis in old age and can lead to the typical morphological and physiological characteristics of aging . What Causes Your Skin to Age? The Intrinsic & Extrinsic Factors https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.045 (2016). doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004513. Otherwise, significant factors were reported in this review.
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