Catherine de' Medici - New World Encyclopedia Her mother died within a few days from puerperal fever and her father succumbed to consumption a week later at the age of 27, leaving her an orphan after less than one month of life. "Catherine de Medici ." This wedding took place in Paris in October 1533. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. -copying their every move. Catherine remained politically active until the end of her life, touring France on Henry's behalf and trying to maintain the loyalty of its many war-torn territories. There is no one perfect way to follow someone. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/culture-magazines/catherine-de-medici, "Catherine de' Medici Her calculating policies yielded short-term victories, but when she died in 1589 her hopes for her family's long-term future lay in ruins. Hmore father's relatives, among them popes Leo X and Clement VII, took over her care, and she grew up in the midst of the stormy Italian Wars in which they were central actors. Mahoney, Irene, Madame Catherine, New York: Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan, 1975. In France she created a new style for royal banqueting that achieved its apotheosis in the court of Louis XIV at Versailles. Knecht, R. K. Catherine de' Medici. Her policy began to unravel when French Protestant intervention in the Low Countries threatened to reignite civil war. With her usual energy, Catherine organized forces to stop it, and with her usual decisiveness, she witnessed the executions of its leaders. He also had disagreements with the Guise family, which complicated things. But under interrogation from Catherine and his younger brother Henry, Charles finally accepted their claim that Coligny was manipulating him, that Coligny planned to overthrow the whole Catholic court, and that he and the other Huguenot leaders should now be finished off in a Through much of the 1560s, the two religious factions were at war while Catherine and Charles tried to avoid falling too heavily into either camp. They fell in love, but she died during childbirth. The assassination of the duke of Guise by a Huguenot in March 1563 allowed her to broker peace anew and recommence the policy of compromise. In the countryside, Huguenot armies ravaged Catholic towns, raided convents and monasteries, and committed atrocities, while the Catholic forces staged bloody reprisals in northern France, a Huguenot heartland. So lets find out how this Italian noblewoman became Queen of France, exploring a few remarkable facts about Catherine de Medici and her history. But Catherine de Medici would indeed become Queen Consort of France, and then Regent herself, ruling in the name of her underage son. In 1589 she became ill while dancing at the marriage of one of her granddaughters. defection to the Triumvirate following the Edict of Toleration and the outbreak of civil war were a serious blow to Catherine's policy and left her at the mercy of the factions. Queen Catherine de Medici: 21 Facts and History 2023 . Young Catherine was now under immense pressure to become pregnant, and began taking all sorts of exotic medications and trying eccentric techniques. //Catherine de' Medici Biography - life, family, children, death, mother . Strage, Mark, Women of Power: The, Life and Times of Catherine de Medici. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. In 1533 Pope Clement arranged the marriage of fourteen-year-old Catherine to fourteen-year-old Henry, the duke of Orleans and younger son of King Francis I (14941547) of France. This genre influenced both the rise of the opera and the seventeenth-century ballet. 30 Jun. ." She was the wife of King Henry II of France and the mother of ten children, including two future kings of France. Encyclopedia.com. 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica/Catherine de' Medici . Wondering what life in France is really like? Encyclopedia.com. Lorenzo de' Medici - Wikipedia Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Explore her reign as queen of France and her influence when her sons came to power. Her policies were anathema to many Catholics and as early as Easter 1561 a group of magnates, led by the duke of Guise and the constable of Montmorency, formed the Triumvirate to resist change. Italians have long been fond of crediting the subsequent glories of French cooking to the advances that this Italian princess introduced into the royal kitchens in the sixteenth century. In 1533, at the age of 14, she married Henry, the second son of King Francis I of France. Another round of blood feuding began despite Catherine's continued urging that Henry must settle his differences with the Guise for the sake of national and Catholic security. Catholics and Protestants were unable to reconcile their differences and in the 1560s their disagreements brewed into open warfare. In the fevered atmosphere of the time, many Huguenots were ready to believe that Catherine de' Medici had poisoned Jeanne, although that seems unlikely. Catherine found it relatively easy to dominate Charles, despite his growing resentment, and in the face of constant warfare she also tried to carve some order out of the fiscal and administrative chaos of the kingdom, to strengthen it for her sons' reigns. With the help, as she believed, of astrologersshe was patroness of the seer Nostradamus and a lifelong dabbler in necromancy, astronomy, and astrologyshe overcame this early infertility and gave birth to ten children, beginning in 1543. She finally gave him a son in 1544, also named Franois. Another civil war began, but by a strange turn of events, leadership of the Huguenot party now fell to Catherine's youngest son Francis, duke of Alenon. 30 Jun. "Medici, Catherine de She was crowned in the basilica of Saint-Denis on 10 June 1549, like other royals before her. Catherine de Medici: The Serpent Queen's Life - HistoryExtra Cambridge, Mass., 1974. ." Few of them were healthy, however, and she, enjoying an iron constitution and great powers of recovery, would outlive all but one, Henry III, who would follow her to the grave in a matter of months. The Medicis were a powerful banking family who ruled over Florence, transforming it into a glorious Renaissance city in previous centuries. Encyclopedia.com. . ." When Henry became king in 1547, Catherine became queen. Dowager Queen Catherine de Medici would die at the age of 69. Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589; she was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France. She was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France. Retrieved June 30, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/culture-magazines/catherine-de-medici. https://www.encyclopedia.com/food/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/medici-catherine-de, Fussell, Betty "Medici, Catherine De' Placing himself at the head of the Protestant forces and dreaming of a crown, he declared that his older brother Henry, who had just been elected to the throne of Poland, was no longer available to rule France. Catherine was born in 1519, daughter of a powerful Italian prince from the Medici family. One of her retinue, Count Sebastian Montecuculi, was suspected of poisoning him to promote the interests of Catherine and, possibly, of France's enemy Charles V. Catherine's husband, now Henry II, had spent several childhood years as a hostage at the Spanish court in Madrid. . Catherine de Medici was born in 1519, in Florence in what is now in Italy. Catherine de Medici: Biography, Reign, Accomplishments - ThoughtCo In 1527 the Medici dynasty in Florence was overthrown, and Catherine was taken hostage for the good behavior of her family. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Some common ways to follow someone include: Watching them closely and imitating their actions The Roman Catholic Pope at the time, Leo X, was a Medici and Catherines great-uncle. Catherine de' Medici Biography Queen of France The treaty was sealed by the marriage of Philip II (15271598) of Spain to Elisabeth, the teenage daughter of Catherine and King Henry. (June 30, 2023). Encyclopedia.com. She was known for her love of lavish parties and her rivalry with Queen Elizabeth I of England. (June 30, 2023). UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com. The departure of Catherine's third son, Henry, to take over the throne of Poland prompted another Huguenot uprising. Trans. CARROLL, STUART "Catherine De Mdicis (1519-1589) The elaborate ceremony at Marseilles Cathedral was conducted by the pope himself, but her childlessness for the first ten years of marriage made her unpopular in the French court. Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain (1545-1568) Orphaned soon after her birth in Florence, Catherine de' Medici (15191589) inherited the wealth and theatrical style of her grandfather, Lorenzo the Magnificent, the most notable of the Florentine family who made the name of Medici synonymous with quattrocento (Italian fifteenth-century) A connection to the Valois family would strengthen Navarre's claim as well as Catherine's prospects of continued influence. Catherine de' Medici. She was one of the most powerful and influential women of her time. For her, religious differences seemed at first to be bargaining chips in court intrigues, which might be smoothed away by tactful diplomacy. Catherine's miscalculation of the Reformation's impact on France was evident at the Colloquy of Poissy, 1561, when she tried to conciliate the Catholic faction, under the cardinal of Lorraine, with the Huguenots, under the reform theologian and friend of Calvin, Theodore Beza. She was known as the Black Queen because of her dark personality and her fascination with the dark arts. Left an orphan when only a few weeks old, Catherine had barely . Catherine de Medici was born on 13 April 1519.1 She was the daughter of Lorenzo II de Medici, Duca di Urbino and Madeleine de la Tour.4 She married Henri II, Roi de France, son of Franois I, Roi de France and Claude de Valois, Duchesse de Bretagne, on 28 October 1533.1 She died on 5 January 1589 at age 69. 1962). . The most satisfactory study of Catherine de' Mdici is Paul VanDyke, Catherine de' Mdici (2 vols., 1992). Catherine died of a lung infection . World Encyclopedia. Catherines middle son Charles IX gained his majority at 18, but he would die of illness at 23. In July 1586 Catherine undertook the arduous journey to see him at Saint-Brice near Cognac. She was the daughter of an Italian duke and a French princess. The war was also complicated by a blood feud among the major families, brought on when the Huguenot leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny ordered the assassination of the duke of Guise in 1563. But in 1557, Catherine's coolness in an emergency won her new respect from Henry. Catherine de Medici did not poison her son, regardless of what some may think. Rarely Seen Portrait of Renaissance Queen Catherine de' Medici to Go on During her reign, Catherine de Medici faced many problems. (June 30, 2023). . History's Catherine de' Medici | Reign Wiki | Fandom The Catholic leaders of France and Spain made peace in 1559 partly because they needed money but also so they could unite against Protestantism. Catherine de Medici was known to have a fondness for the occult and poisons, and various accusations of poisoning would follow her for the rest of her life. She is also known for her involvement in the Massacre of St Bartholomews Day (1572), which was a turning point in the Catholic-Huguenot wars (Wars of Religion; 1562-98). The French wars of religion are placed in the context of European politics in J. H. Elliot, Europe Divided: 1559-1598 (1968). Encyclopedia.com. After the death of Henry II in 1559, three of Catherine's sons successively became kings of France, and Catherine served as queen regent. He rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. Her middle daughter Claude was married to the Duke of Lorraine at the age of 11, and would die at 27 also in childbirth, after 8 children. If you enjoyed that article, you may like to read more about other French royals. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Protestants, as they came to be called, sought a truer form of their faith than that offered by the political and often corrupt (engaging in unlawful activity) Catholic Church. Lorraine at the time was not a part of France, but a nearby duchy. At the time of Catherine's birth in 1519 the Reformation was beginning with Martin Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church. Catherine has since discovered Marys affair with Louis Cond and her plan to return to Scotland, which would ultimately betray Francis. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Catherine De' Medici - NEW ADVENT . He had arranged for the marriage of her parents, Lorenzo de Medici, Duke of Urbino to the French CountessMadeleine de la Tour dAuvergne who was related to the French King Franois I. ." Retrieved June 30, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/catherine-de-medicis-1519-1589, Born: April 13, 1519Florence, ItalyDied: January 5, 1589Blois, France Italian-born politician. As queen, she was very interested in politics and worked hard to influence her husband and the other members of the royal family. Her idolized son, for whom she had spent her whole life, had destroyed all that she had built and rejected everything she had taught him." She was the daughter of an Italian duke and a French princess. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/catherine-de-medici, "Catherine de' Medici An example of Catherine's use of art in support of her political program is described by Francis A. Yates, The Valois Tapestries (1959). Encyclopedia.com. The Untold Truth Of Catherine De Medici - Grunge Address: 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden,London, WC2H 9JQ, UNITED KINGDOM, 2023 All Rights Reserved | FactsTraits.com. Facts about catherine de medici? - factstraits.com Her husband's accidental death in 1559 did not at first usher her into the front rank of politics, but the weak Guise-dominated regime of her eldest son, Francis II, increasingly involved her in policy making in order to widen its base of support. But in fact Catherine's innovations were not culinary but theatric and were geared to politics rather than to gastronomy. However, she was able to overcome these obstacles and protect the claims of the Valois dynasty. Dance was, in her mind and in the minds of other cultivated Europeans, a model for properly ordered social relationships. She accepted an offer from the Guise party to assassinate him, hoping that the outcome would be revived power for her own party. ." Among the treaty's provisions was the specification that Catherine's daughter Marguerite should marry Henry of Navarre, the Huguenot leader, that the Huguenots should be given several strongholds throughout France, and that Coligny could resume his position as a royal councillor. With her sons dead, and one daughter already married to the King of Spain, the French throne would go to Catherines daughter Margaret and son-in-law Henri IV (Henri of Navarre) in 1589. At the time however, Florence was in independent republic, where the powerful Medicis ruled supreme. Diane had been banished from his bedside, and Catherines eldest son Francois IIbecame king at the age of 15. Among the treaty's provisions were the decisions that Catherine's daughter Marguerite would marry Henry of Navarre (15531610), the Huguenot leader, that the Huguenots would be given several territories throughout France, and that Coligny would return to his position in the royal court. "Catherine de' Medici Her son was deemed old enough to rule at 15 when he came to the throne. His victories won him the envy of King Charles IX, whose physical frailty forbade campaigning. The death of Francis II the following year made Catherine regent for her second son Charles, who became King Charles IX at the age of ten. The Renaissance. Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589. . With her history, her family life, her politics, and more. This did not end the conflicts in France; from this time forward, the Huguenot Navarre family and the Catholic Guise family began a long struggle. April 13, 1519 Florence Italy Died: January 5, 1589 (aged 69) Blois France House / Dynasty: Medici family Notable Family Members: spouse Henry II father Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, duca di Urbino daughter Margaret of Valois son Henry III son Francis II son Charles IX son Franois, duc d'Anjou . She was born in Florence, Italy. 30 Jun. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Catherine de' Medici was one of the most powerful women of the sixteenth century. Far from coming to an understanding with one another, the two At this time French Protestants were gaining strength and allying with the Protestant monarch of England, Elizabeth I, raising suspicion of treason among them by Catholic nobles and ministers. When Henry became king in 1547, Catherine became queen. After a decade of war, the Peace of St. Germain in 1570 reconciled the two sides temporarily and led to Admiral Coligny's return to court. When Coligny discovered that Charles and his mother were at odds, he miscalculated and chose the king's side rather than Catherine's, provoking her furious resentment.
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